2022年3月3日木曜日
the guy who turned on our lights
The John A. Blatnik Bridge is the bridge that carries Interstate 535 (I-535) and U.S. Highway 53 (US 53) over the Saint Louis River, a tributary of Lake Superior, between Duluth, Minnesota, and Superior, Wisconsin. The bridge is 7,975 feet (2,431 m) long and rises up nearly 120 feet (37 m) above the water to accommodate the seaway shipping channel. It was dedicated on December 2, 1961, but was renamed for Congressman John Blatnik on September 24, 1971, to commemorate Blatnik's role in making the bridge a reality. The Blatnik Bridge replaced a swinging toll bridge around the same location that carried both automobile and rail traffic.
The Ojibwe occupied a historic settlement at Onigamiinsing ("at the little portage"), a portage across Minnesota Point between Lake Superior and western St. Louis Bay, which forms Duluth's harbor.[9] For both the Ojibwe and the Dakota, interaction with Europeans during the contact period revolved around the fur trade and related activities.[10]
According to Ojibwe oral history, Spirit Island, near the Spirit Valley neighborhood, was the "Sixth Stopping Place", where the northern and southern branches of the Ojibwe Nation came together and proceeded to their "Seventh Stopping Place", near the present city of La Pointe, Wisconsin. The "Stopping Places" were the places the Native Americans occupied during their westward migration as the Europeans overran their territory.[11]
Exploration and fur trade
Several factors brought fur traders to the Great Lakes in the early 17th century. The fashion for beaver hats in Europe generated demand for pelts. French trade for beaver in the lower St. Lawrence River had led to the depletion of the animals in that region by the late 1630s, so the French searched farther west for new resources and new routes, making alliances with the Native Americans along the way to trap and deliver their furs.
Étienne Brûlé is credited with the European discovery of Lake Superior before 1620. Pierre-Esprit Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers explored the Duluth area, Fond du Lac (Bottom of the Lake) in 1654 and again in 1660. The French soon established fur posts near Duluth and in the far north where Grand Portage became a major trading center. The French explorer Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut, whose name is sometimes anglicized as "DuLuth", explored the St. Louis River in 1679.
After 1792 and the independence of the United States, the North West Company established several posts on Minnesota rivers and lakes, and in areas to the west and northwest, for trading with the Ojibwe, the Dakota, and other native tribes. The first post was where Superior, Wisconsin, later developed. Known as Fort St. Louis, the post became the headquarters for North West's new Fond du Lac Department. It had stockaded walls, two houses of 40 feet (12 m) each, a shed of 60 feet (18 m), a large warehouse, and a canoe yard. Over time, Indian peoples and European Americans settled nearby, and a town gradually developed at this point.
In 1808, German-born John Jacob Astor organized the American Fur Company. The company began trading at the Head of the Lakes in 1809. In 1817, it erected a new headquarters at present-day Fond du Lac on the St. Louis River. There, portages connected Lake Superior with Lake Vermilion to the north and with the Mississippi River to the south. After creating a powerful monopoly, Astor got out of the business about 1830, as the trade was declining. But active trade carried on until the failure of the fur trade in the 1840s. European fashions had changed and many American areas were getting over-trapped, with game declining.
In 1832 Henry Schoolcraft visited the Fond du Lac area and wrote of his experiences with the Ojibwe Indians there. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow based the Song of Hiawatha, his epic poem relating the fictional adventures of an Ojibwe warrior named Hiawatha and the tragedy of his love for Minnehaha, a Dakota woman, on Schoolcraft's writings.[12]
Natives signed two Treaties of Fond du Lac with the United States in the present neighborhood of Fond du Lac in 1826 and 1847, in which the Ojibwe ceded land to the American government. As part of the Treaty of Washington (1854) with the Lake Superior Band of Chippewa, the United States set aside the Fond du Lac Indian Reservation upstream from Duluth near Cloquet, Minnesota.
Lake Superior is the largest and northernmost of the Great Lakes of North America, and among freshwater lakes, it is the world's largest by surface area and the third-largest by volume.[a] It holds 10% of the world's surface fresh water.[12] It is shared by Ontario, Canada, to the north, and states in the United States in other directions: Minnesota to the west, and Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan to the south.[13] Lake Superior is the most northerly and most westerly of the Great Lakes chain, and the highest in elevation. It drains into Lake Huron via St. Mary's River.
The Ojibwe name for the lake is gichi-gami (in syllabics: ᑭᒋᑲᒥ, pronounced gitchi-gami or kitchi-gami in different dialects),[14] meaning "great sea". Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote this name as "Gitche Gumee" in the poem The Song of Hiawatha, as did Gordon Lightfoot in his song "The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald".
According to other sources, the full Ojibwe name is ᐅᒋᑉᐧᐁ ᑭᒋᑲᒥ Ojibwe Gichigami ("Ojibwe's Great Sea") or ᐊᓂᐦᔑᓈᐯ ᑭᒋᑲᒥ Anishinaabe Gichigami ("Anishinaabe's Great Sea").[15] The 1878 dictionary by Father Frederic Baraga, the first one written for the Ojibway language, gives the Ojibwe name as Otchipwe-kitchi-gami (a transliteration of Ojibwe Gichigami).[14]
In the 17th century, the first French explorers approached the great inland sea by way of the Ottawa River and Lake Huron; they referred to their discovery as le lac supérieur (the upper lake, i.e. above Lake Huron). Some 17th-century Jesuit missionaries referred to it as Lac Tracy (for Alexandre de Prouville de Tracy).[16] After taking control of the region from the French in the 1760s following their defeat in the French and Indian War, the British anglicized the lake's name to Superior, "on account of its being superior in magnitude to any of the lakes on that vast continent".[17]
2022年2月28日月曜日
2022年1月25日火曜日
Homo Sapiens have outgrown their use, You gotta make way for the Homo Superior
鬼神（きじん、きしん、おにがみ）は、「きじん」または「きしん」と音読みした場合の第一義としては天地万物の霊魂あるいは神々を意味し、「おにがみ」と訓読みした場合は目に見えない精霊または荒々しく恐ろしい神を意味する[1]。
中国における鬼神は対照的な2つの霊である鬼と神を指す。
鬼（き）は生者に禍（わざわい）をもたらす霊であり、悪鬼として顕現し、祈祓（きふつ、いのりはらい）の対象である[2]。鬼は生者が持つ魄（はく）の死後の姿であり、魄は生者の内にあって肉体をつかさどる陰気の霊であり、その魄が死後に地上にとどまって鬼となる[2]。その死が横死であったり、身寄りがなく死後に祀（まつ）る者のない場合に悪鬼・幽鬼として生者に祟（たた）る[3]。
神（しん）は生者に福をもたらす霊であり、善神として顕現し、祭祀の対象である[2]。神は生者が持つ魂の死後の姿であり、魂は生者の内にあって精神をつかさどる陽気の霊であり、その魂が天上に昇って神・神霊となる[2][3]。
また、鬼神は天地のあらゆる物の創造・変化・消滅にかかる人知の及ばぬ霊妙な働きを指す場合がある[2]。
朝鮮、
生者あるいは死者の内にある霊とは異なり、宿る対象を持たず、何にも従属しない孤立した存在である[4][5]。この点で鬼神は人に宿る霊や人以外に宿る精（精霊）あるいは神明（神々）と区別されるが、宿る対象についての観念がはっきりしなくなると霊や精あるいは神明と区別されなくなる[4][5]。
鬼神は腰より下が障子紙の服で、足はやせ細りまるでにかわのようで骨だけ残った姿をしていて、まもなく病を得て死ぬ身の上であり、神明の前で立ちすくんでしまう力弱い存在で、力の強い人に睨まれるとだんだん小さくなって消えうせる存在である[4]。人が与える食べ物におとなしくして話を聞く見えない存在だが、鬼神のなかには意地悪をするものがある[4]。
鬼神は昼間はあちこち空中でふらふらするが、夜はじめじめした所を探して体を休めることもする[4]。だいたい古木が鬼神の住みかになる[4]。また人家を訪れるときがあるが、そのとき人は鬼神が嫌う方法を使って入って来ないように防いで、塩を撒いたり豆を撒いたりする[4]。鬼神の住みかは藪の中や土の中、池、井戸端などじめじめした所などで、どこでも出入りすることが出来る[4]。鬼神はいったん人の家に入ると食べ物を提供されてそこを去る。白昼に石を投げる乱暴を働いたり、時に猟犬の吠える声を出したり口笛を吹いたりして強風を起こしたりする[4]。夜には道を通る人を怖がらせて火遊びもする[4]。この火を鬼火（トッケビの火）とも言い人々が怖がる[4]。
鬼神は時に賢く、一国や一家族の滅亡を予言したり警告したり、あるいは遺失物の在りかを知らせたりもする[4]。しかしだいたい鬼神は前述のごとく、より勢力があるものに追われる身なのである[4]。疫病神を追い払ったという説話で知られる処容のような強い人物を描いたお守り（符籍）の前では立ちすくんでしまい、追い払われる存在である[4]。また鬼神のうちで強い鬼神は弱い鬼神を殺害したりする[4]。なお神明も泊まる居場所がなかったり、生存者から供え物をもらえないと鬼神になる場合がある[4]。
で、デンデンは今や現役の天皇陛下・・・（爆ｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗで、おいらはハッピーな引き籠りの基地外。（爆ｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗ
また、気が違う、気が狂う、気がふれる、狂人（きょうじん）、キチガイ、キ印（キじるし）とも表現する。インターネットスラングでは基地外、または略してキチ、基地と表記 ...
、、、（爆ｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗ
1 件のコメント:
アメリカ大陸、日本と過去から繋がってるのねん 草
ユーコンも油根だったりして
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