塩にすと流通センター＠ザルツブルク

Salzburg's exhibition center now serves as a refugee distribution point as Ukrainian evacuees continue to cross into the EU

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ザルツは「塩」、ブルクは「砦」の意である。15キロほど南のバート・デュルンベルクで産出される岩塩をハライン (Hallein) 市において製塩し、大司教から特権を与えられたラウフェン（Laufen）の船乗りたちがハラインからザルツァッハ川（Salzach）を通じてヨーロッパ各地に送っていた。塩の積載量に応じた通行税をこの地の大司教が財源にしていた。このためデュルンベルクの塩が地名の語源と誤解されている。しかしドイツ語のザルツブルクの名が史料に初めて登場するのは755年頃成立した『聖ボニファティウス伝』においてである。当時のサルツブルクの司教はバイエルン公よりライヒェンハル（現ドイツ領）の塩泉および塩釜の利益の一部を与えられ、それを布教の財源としていた。よって地名の直接の由来となったのはライヒェンハルの塩であると考えられている。ライヒェンハル、ハライン、および東隣のオーバー・エースターライヒ州にあるハルシュタットの地名に使われるハルはケルト語で塩の意味があり、この一帯に分布する地下の岩塩が昔の経済を支えたという歴史がある。なお、岩塩の鉱物名Haliteも由来する。

2022年3月13日日曜日

オーストリア　ワクチンはオミクロン株には効かないという理由で接種義務化急遽中止
https://tokumei10.blogspot.com/2022/03/blog-post_57.html

The rise of religious fanaticism of the Society of Jesus

The relative period of peace did not last long, and with the start of the regime of Ferdinand the First in 1556, though he also opposed the persecution of the Jews, he levied excessive taxes and ordered them to wear a mark of disgrace. Between 1564 and 1619, in the period of the reigns of Maximilian the second, Rudolf the Second and Matthias, the fanaticism of the Society of Jesus prevailed and the condition of the Jews worsened even more. Later on, during the reign of Ferdinand the Second in Austria, which in spite of that like his grandfather he opposed the persecution of the Jews and even permitted constructing a synagogue, he demanded a huge amount of tax from the Jewish population.
The nadir of the Jewish community in Austria arrived during the period of the reign of Leopold the First, a period in which Jews were persecuted frequently and were deported from different areas, including a deportation from Vienna in 1670, but gradually returned after several years. Jews also had to bear different laws—one of which permitted only first-born children to marry, in order to stop the increase of the Jewish population. Although Leopold the First treated the Jewish population severely, he had Samson Wertheimer, a Jewish economic advisor, working for him.
A Sabbateans movement, which was established during the same period of time, also reached the Jewish community in Austria, especially due to the rough condition of the Jews there, and many of them immigrated to the land of Israel in the footsteps of Sabbatai Zevi.

2018年11月28日水曜日

英語、フランス語、イタリア語が喋れる中谷美紀とダイキン工業とオリンパス

https://tokumei10.blogspot.com/2018/11/blog-post_72.html

2018年11月29日木曜日

中谷美紀と坂本龍一＠ラストエンペラー

http://tokumei10.blogspot.com/2018/11/blog-post_40.html

The history of the Jews in Salzburg, Austria goes back several millennia. Despite being a non-secular province with a Catholic Archbishop as the head of the state, Salzburg has a long record of Jewish history.
The first Jewish settlers arrived in the city when it was still under Roman rule and called Juvavum as a provincial town. After the decay of Juvavum and the foundation of a diocese in the city now called Salzburg, Bishop Arno of Salzburg (785-871) referred to a "medicum judaicum", or Jewish doctor.
Documents from the 12th century report the presence of a Jewish quarter and a street called "Judengasse" ("Jews alley"), an alley near the Cathedral that is still called by that name. There is record of a synagogue in the 13th century.
By 1492, Jews of Salzburg were publicly burned and Jewish settlers expelled from the city. This ban prevented the development of a Jewish community until well into the 19th century, by then Salzburg had become part of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire. Many central figures of Salzburg's intellectual and cultural life from the late 19th century until Austria's annexation by Nazi Germany in 1938 were Jewish or of Jewish origin, such as Stefan Zweig, Max Reinhardt, Theodor Herzl or Carl Zuckmayer.
After 1938, the synagogue and Jewish cemetery in Aigen were closed and many Jews either left Salzburg or were deported to concentration camps. Salzburg's Jewish community never fully recovered from those years. Today, it consists of about 100 members. The synagogue was re-opened after the war and is still the center of Jewish culture and worship in Salzburg. In 1953 a community was reestablished, and in 1968 the newly rebuilt synagogue was rededicated.^[1]