2023年4月24日月曜日
Sudan J Paediatr. 2013; 13(2): 103–114.
PMCID: PMC4949933PMID: 27493380An outline of the history of Medical Research Institutes in the Sudan
Recorded medical research in the Sudan commenced with the foundation of the Wellcome Research Laboratories at the Gordon Memorial, College, Khartoum, in February 1903.
The objectives of these laboratories were as follows:
- To promote technical education.
- To promote the study, bacteriologically and physiologically, of tropical disorders especially the infective diseases of both man and beast peculiar to the Sudan, and to render assistance to the officers of health, and to the clinics of the civil and military hospitals.
- To aid experimental investigations in poisoning cases by the detection and experimental determination of toxic agents particularly the obscure potent substances employed by the natives.
- To carry out such chemical and bacteriological tests in connection with water, food stuffs, and health and sanitary matters as may be found desirable.
- To undertake the testing and assaying of agricultural, mineral and other substances of practical interest in the industrial development of the Sudan.
These laboratories were situated on the first floor in the east wing of the College and formed three separate laboratories: Bacteriological, Entomological and Chemical, under the Directorship of Sir Andrew Balfour – the first Director of the laboratories. All the equipment and apparatus of the laboratories were donated by Hendry Solomon Wellcome, an American pharmacist, who settled in England in 1880 and together with Burroughs founded the world famous firm of Burroughs and Wellcome. In later year the name of the Laboratories became Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratories.
The Laboratories were an autonomous body independent both from the Medical Department and the Department of Education and so Balfour was in sole charge – though nominally owing allegiance to the Director of Education Sir James Currie. The initial staff consisted of the Director, a laboratory assistant and two attendants. In 1904 a chemist joined the staff- Dr W. Beam, and in 1906 Mr. H.H. King was appointed entomologist.
In 1907 the work of the laboratories was augmented by the addition of a floating laboratory which was housed upon a special barge towed by a launch. This was of great value to research workers particularly to Dr. Wenyon the travelling pathologist and protozoologist who used it for research purposes in the villages scattered all along the banks of the Nile.
The names of the Directors of the Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratories during the period 1902 – 1934 were as follows:
- Sir Andrew Balfour, M.D., B.Sc., F.R.C.P., D.P.H., 1902 – 1913.
- Dr Albert Chalmers, M.D., F.R.C.S., D.P.H., 1913 – 1920.
- Sir Robert Archibald, M.D., C.M.G., D.S.O., 1920 – 1934.
Dr Balfour conducted routine investigations and carried out research into most of the common diseases in the Sudan; but his activities were centered on the sanitation of Khartoum. In those days the fight against mosquito larvae was gaining ground after Sir Ronald Ross had demonstrated it at Ismailia in 1904. So Balfour initiated a campaign against mosquitoes in Khartoum by forming a mosquito brigade on the lines suggested by Ross. This arrangement was useful and fruitful.
Balfour and his associates did research work of wide nature on such heterogeneous subjects as soil chemistry, identification of various pests of man, animal and plant, mosquitoes, sand flies, ticks, poisonous local drugs, endemic diseases, scorpions, snakes etc…. They published four invaluable reports covering the period 1902 – 1911. The fourth report consisting of two volumes; A (medical) and B (general science). They also published two big volumes reviewing advances in tropical medicine.
Balfour resigned his post in 1913 and proceeded to England to establish the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. He was however, succeeded in Khartoum by Albert Chalmers, who gained his experience mainly from work done in the Gold Coast and Ceylon. For seven years Chalmers devoted himself to research and laboratory work.
During this period significant additions to knowledge on schistosomiasis were made. Leiper’s discovery of the snail intermediate hosts in Egypt in 1915 were confirmed by Chalmers in Khartoum; and in 1917–1919 Christopherson, the Director of Khartoum Civil Hospital made important contributions to tropical medicine by successfully treating schistosomiasis by intravenous tartar emetic. Together with Aldo Castellani, Dr Chalmers wrote a manual of tropical medicine which went through three editions. Chalmers made many contributions to medical science and his name is further perpetuated in Chalmer’s medal of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, which is bestowed, from time to time, for outstanding contributions to tropical medicine. In 1920 Chalmers was succeeded by Sir Robert Archibald who did a great deal of research on schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, cotton diseases etc…. For fifteen years Archibald was directing research and routine work in the Laboratories. Together with Dr Byam he edited The Practice of Medicine in the Tropics in three volumes. In 1925 The Laboratories were taken over by the Sudan Government under the Department of Education. Need was however felt for the reorganization and expansion of laboratory work in the Sudan. The materialization of the Gezira scheme and the Kitchener School of Medicine, however, have created a situation requiring readjustment of views. The former necessitated a considerable expansion of the chemical and entomological sections, while the latter required a reorganization of the bacteriological section so that it would be placed in a more favorable position and status for obtaining material for teaching pathology and chemical pathology to medical students. The Wellcome Laboratories were therefore split up into various sections.
In 1934 dismemberment of the Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratories took place; the bacteriological section being taken on by the Sudan Medical service, the Geology survey by the Public Works Department and the Chemical and Entomology sections by the Department of Agriculture and Forests as the Agricultural Research Institute. The original chemical laboratories then formed two sections of the Agricultural Research Institute; the Soil Research section at Wad Medani and the Chemical Analyst section in Khartoum, the latter retained the name of Wellcome Chemical Laboratories and became part of the research section of the Sudan medical service. Sir Robert Archibald the last Director of the Wellcome Tropic Research Laboratories retired from the Directorship in 1934 but continued to do Research work on leishmaniasis for a further period of two years.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4949933/
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