Title 42

 

How Biden has only taken in SEVEN Ukrainian refugees while rest of the West has welcomed more than 3.1 million: ICE are 'detaining' relatives trying to get to American families and hundreds are stuck at the southern border

• The US has only accepted seven refugees fleeing the war in Ukraine, a drop in the bucket of the 3.1 million who have now fled the war to European countries
  
• Ukrainian refugees fleeing bombing and persecution are being held in ICE detention centers in the US because of Covid-19 rules banning asylum seekers
• President Biden previously said refugees from the war-torn country would be welcomes 'with open arms'
• Title 42 allows for the expulsion of migrants at the southern border due to an ongoing health emergency
• The policy was put in place by Donald Trump at the start of the pandemic and has been implemented and defended in court by the Biden administration 
• More and more Ukrainian refugees are arriving at the US southern border after Russia invaded IN February
• Increased calls for Title 42 to end as COVID-related restrictions ease in the US 

By Katelyn Caralle, U.S. Political Reporter and Jennifer Smith For Dailymail.Com and Tom Brown For Mailonline and Reuters

Published: 12:17 EDT, 17 March 2022 | Updated: 13:59 EDT, 17 March 2022

 https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-10623173/Ukrainian-refugees-fleeing-war-coming-America-held-ICE-detention-centers.html

まあ日本人のみならず一般ピープルにこの辺りを理解できる香具師はほとんどおらんでしょうけど・・・

 The number 42 is, in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams, the "Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything," calculated by an enormous supercomputer named Deep Thought over a period of 7.5 million years. Unfortunately, no one knows what the question is. Thus, to calculate the Ultimate Question, a special computer the size of a small planet was built from organic components and named "Earth". The Ultimate Question "What do you get when you multiply six by nine"^[27] was found by Arthur Dent and Ford Prefect in the second book of the series, The Restaurant at the End of the Universe. This appeared first in the radio play and later in the novelization of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. The fact that Adams named the episodes of the radio play "fits", the same archaic title for a chapter or section used by Lewis Carroll in The Hunting of the Snark, suggests that Adams was influenced by Carroll's fascination with and frequent use of the number. The fourth book in the series, the novel So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish, contains 42 chapters. According to the novel Mostly Harmless, 42 is the street address of Stavromula Beta. In 1994, Adams created the 42 Puzzle, a game based on the number 42.

The book 42: Douglas Adams' Amazingly Accurate Answer to Life, the Universe and Everything (2011)^[28] examines Adams' choice of the number 42, and contains a compendium of some instances of the number in science, popular culture, and humour.

Google also has a calculator easter egg when one searches "the answer to the ultimate question of life, the universe, and everything." Once typed (all in lowercase), the calculator answers with the number 42.

In Hervé Le Tellier's novel The Anomaly, a top-secret US Government protocol receives code number 42, inspired by this source. 

 

The Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything is 42

The Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, The Universe, and Everything

In the radio series and the first novel, a group of hyper-intelligent pan-dimensional beings demand to learn the Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, The Universe, and Everything from the supercomputer Deep Thought, specially built for this purpose. It takes Deep Thought 7+1⁄2 million years to compute and check the answer, which turns out to be 42. Deep Thought points out that the answer seems meaningless because the beings who instructed it never knew what the question was.^[4]

When asked to produce the Ultimate Question, Deep Thought says that it cannot; however, it can help to design an even more powerful computer that can. This new computer will incorporate living beings into the "computational matrix" and will run for ten million years. The computer is revealed as being the planet Earth, with its pan-dimensional creators assuming the form of white lab mice to observe its running. The process is hindered after eight million years by the unexpected arrival on Earth of the Golgafrinchans, and is then ruined completely, five minutes prior to completion, when the Earth is destroyed by the Vogons to supposedly make way for a new hyperspace bypass. In The Restaurant at the End of the Universe, this reason is revealed to have been a ruse: the Vogons had been hired to destroy the Earth by a consortium of psychiatrists, led by Gag Halfrunt, who feared for the loss of their careers when the Ultimate Question became known.^[5]

Lacking a real question, the mice (pan-dimensional beings) decide not to go through the whole process again and instead settle for the out-of-thin-air suggestion "How many roads must a man walk down?", a lyric from Bob Dylan's song "Blowin' in the Wind".

At the end of the radio series, the television series and the novel The Restaurant at the End of the Universe, Arthur Dent, having escaped the Earth's destruction, potentially has some of the computational matrix in his brain. He attempts to discover The Ultimate Question by extracting it from his brainwave patterns, as abusively^[6] suggested by Ford Prefect, when a Scrabble-playing caveman spells out "forty two". Arthur pulls random letters from a bag, but only gets the sentence "What do you get if you multiply six by nine?"

"Six by nine. Forty two."

"That's it. That's all there is."

"I always thought something was fundamentally wrong with the universe."^[5]

Six times nine is actually fifty-four; the answer is deliberately wrong for that question because the question was miscomputed. The program on the "Earth computer" should have run correctly, but the unexpected arrival of the Golgafrinchans on prehistoric Earth caused input errors into the system—computing the wrong question (because of the garbage in, garbage out rule). Therefore, the question in Arthur's subconscious was invalid all along.^[5]

Quoting Fit the Seventh of the radio series, on Christmas Eve, 1978:

Narrator: There is a theory which states that if ever anyone discovers exactly what the Universe is for and why it is here, it will instantly disappear and be replaced by something even more bizarre and inexplicable. There is another theory mentioned, which states that this has already happened.^[7]

Some readers who were trying to find a deeper meaning in the passage soon noticed a certain veracity when using base-13; 6₁₀ × 9₁₀ = 54₁₀, which can be expressed as 42₁₃, i.e. 54 in decimal is equal to 42 expressed in base-13).^[7]: 128 When confronted with this, the author claimed that it was a mere coincidence, stating that "I may be a sorry case, but I don't write jokes in base 13."^[8]

In Life, the Universe and Everything, a character named "Prak," who "knows all that is true," confirms that 42 is indeed The Answer, and that it is impossible for both The Answer and The Question to be known in the same universe, as they will cancel each other out and take the Universe with them—to be replaced by something even more bizarre (as described in the first theory) and that it may have already happened (as described in the second).^[9] Though the question is never found, 42 is the table number at which Arthur and his friends sit when they arrive at Milliways at the end of the radio series. Likewise, Mostly Harmless ends when Arthur stops at a street address identified by his cry of, "There, number 42!" and enters the club Beta, owned by Stavro Mueller (Stavromula Beta). Shortly after, the Earth is destroyed in all existing incarnations.

Why the number 42?

Douglas Adams was asked many times why he chose the number 42. Many theories were proposed, including that 42 is 101010 in base-2 binary code, that light refracts through a water surface by 42 degrees to create a rainbow, or that light requires 10⁻⁴² seconds to cross the diameter of a proton.^[10] Adams rejected them all. On 3 November 1993, he gave this answer^[11] on alt.fan.douglas-adams:

The answer to this is very simple. It was a joke. It had to be a number, an ordinary, smallish number, and I chose that one. Binary representations, base thirteen, Tibetan monks are all complete nonsense. I sat at my desk, stared into the garden and thought '42 will do' I typed it out. End of story.

Adams described his choice as "a completely ordinary number, a number not just divisible by two but also six and seven. In fact it's the sort of number that you could without any fear introduce to your parents."^[7]

While 42 was a number with no hidden meaning, Adams explained in more detail in an interview with Iain Johnstone of BBC Radio 4 (recorded in 1998 though never broadcast)^[12] to celebrate the first radio broadcast's 20th anniversary. Having decided it should be a number, he tried to think what an "ordinary number" should be. He ruled out non-integers, then he remembered having worked as a "prop-borrower" for John Cleese on his Video Arts training videos. Cleese needed a funny number for the punchline to a sketch involving a bank teller (himself) and a customer (Tim Brooke-Taylor). Adams believed that the number that Cleese came up with was 42 and he decided to use it.^[13]

Adams had also written a sketch for The Burkiss Way called "42 Logical Positivism Avenue", broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 12 January 1977^[14] – 14 months before The Hitchhiker's Guide first broadcast "42" in Fit the Fourth, 29 March 1978.^[7]

In January 2000, in response to a panellist's "Where does the number 42 come from?" on the radio show Book Club, Adams explained that he was "on his way to work one morning, whilst still writing the scene, and was thinking about what the actual answer should be. He eventually decided that it should be something that made no sense whatsoever – a number, and a mundane one at that. And that is how he arrived at the number 42, completely at random."

Stephen Fry, a friend of Adams, claims that Adams told him "exactly why 42", and that the reason is "fascinating, extraordinary and, when you think hard about it, completely obvious."^[15] However, Fry says that he has vowed not to tell anyone the secret, and that it must go with him to the grave. In an interview at the Sydney Opera House in 2010, two minutes before the end of the show,^[16] Fry appears to be ready to reveal the answer, but remains inaudible due to an apparent failure of the microphone. John Lloyd, Adams' collaborator on The Meaning of Liff and two Hitchhiker's fits, said that Adams has called 42 "the funniest of the two-digit numbers."^[17]

The number 42 appears frequently in the work of Lewis Carroll, and some critics have suggested that this was an influence. They note, in particular, that Alice's attempt at her times tables (chapter two of the 1865 novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland) breaks down at 4 x 13 answered in base 42,^[18][19] which virtually reverses the failure of 'the Question' ("What do you get if you multiply six by nine?"), in that the latter would equal "42" if calculated in base 13. They find further evidence of Carroll's influence in the fact that Adams entitled the episodes of the original radio series of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy "fits", the word Carroll used to name the chapters of The Hunting of the Snark.

There is the persistent tale that 42 is Adams' tribute to the indefatigable paperback book, and is the average number of lines on an average page of an average paperback.^[20] Another common guess is that 42 refers to the number of laws in cricket, a recurring theme of the books.^[21]

42 Puzzle

The 42 Puzzle is a game devised by Douglas Adams in 1994 for the United States series of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy books. The puzzle is an illustration consisting of 42 multi-coloured balls, in 7 columns and 6 rows. Douglas Adams has said,

Everybody was looking for hidden meanings and puzzles and significances in what I had written (like 'is it significant that 6×9 = 42 in base 13?' As if.) So I thought that just for a change I would actually construct a puzzle and see how many people solved it. Of course, nobody paid it any attention. I think that's terribly significant.^[22]

In the puzzle the question is unknown, but the answer is already known to be 42. This is similar to the book where the "Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything" is known but not the question. The puzzle first appeared in The Illustrated Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. It was later incorporated into the covers of all five reprinted "Hitchhiker's" novels in the United States.

Adams has described the puzzle as depicting the number 42 in ten different ways. Six possible questions are:^[23]

(1) How many spheres are in the diagram? (six rows of seven is 42)	(2) What position in the grid does the Earth occupy? (42)	(3) The barcode on one of the spheres is the number 42 as an Interleaved 2 of 5 barcode
(4) Considering red-hued spheres (red, purple, orange, black) as a '1' and those without as a '0', what number does each line represent in decimal form? (In binary, each line reads '0101010', or '42' in decimal form.)	(5) What number do the blue-tinted spheres (blue, green, purple, black) spell out? (Similar to a colour blindness test.) (42)	(6) What number is represented by Roman numerals spelled out by the yellow-tinted spheres (yellow, orange, green, black) in the first three rows? (XLII = 42)

On the Internet and in software

The number 42 and the phrase, "Life, the universe, and everything" have attained cult status on the Internet. "Life, the universe, and everything" is a common name for the off-topic section of an Internet forum and the phrase is invoked in similar ways to mean "anything at all". Many chatbots, when asked about the meaning of life, will answer "42". Several online calculators are also programmed with the Question. Google Calculator will give the result to "the answer to life the universe and everything" as 42, as will Wolfram's Computational Knowledge Engine.^[24] Similarly, DuckDuckGo also gives the result of "the answer to the ultimate question of life, the universe and everything" as 42.^[25] In the online community Second Life, there is a section on a sim called "42nd Life." It is devoted to this concept in the book series, and several attempts at recreating Milliways, the Restaurant at the End of the Universe, were made.

In OpenOffice.org software (prior to version 3.4) if "=ANTWORT("Das Leben, das Universum und der ganze Rest") (German for =ANSWER("life, the universe and everything")) is typed into any cell of a spreadsheet, the result is 42.^[26]

ISO/IEC 14519-2001/ IEEE Std 1003.5-1999, IEEE Standard for Information Technology – POSIX(R) Ada Language Interfaces – Part 1: Binding for System Application Program Interface (API) , uses the number 42 as the required return value from a process that terminates due to an unhandled exception. The Rationale says "the choice of the value 42 is arbitrary" and cites the Adams book as the source of the value.

The standard for Tagged Image File Format TIFF defines in its Image File Header bytes 2 and 3 to denominate a 'version number' 42. In revision 5.0 the specification explained the choice with "This number, 42 (2A in hex), is not to be equated with the current Revision of the TIFF specification. In fact, the TIFF version number (42) has never changed, and probably never will. If it ever does, it means that TIFF has changed in some way so radical that a TIFF reader should give up immediately. The number 42 was chosen for its deep philosophical significance."^[27] The later versions have eliminated the lengthy description, but kept the number fixed at 42 anyway.^[28]

The random seed chosen to procedurally create the whole universe of the online multi-player computer game EVE Online was chosen as 42 by its lead game designer in 2002.^[29]

In the computer game Gothic "42" is a code that deactivates all activated cheats. After typing "42" in a right place, text "What was the question?" appears.

The OpenSUSE team decided the next version will be based on SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop and named "Leap 42". The number 42 was chosen as a reference to the answer to life, the universe and everything.^[30]

The Google 1st generation Chromecast has the model number H2G2-42 referencing Douglas Adams' book^[31]

In mathematics

Mathematicians found a question whose answer is 42: what is the largest (rational) number n such that there are positive integers p, q, r such that

${\displaystyle 1-1/p-1/q-1/r=1/n}$.

While some may argue that a planet sized supercomputer should come up with something more spectacular to show, mathematicians believe it is more interesting than the mathematically equally correct, but positively boring question: how much is 40 + 2. It came up in the 19th century studying Riemann surfaces in Hurwitz automorphism theorem^[32] (Riemann surfaces are named after Bernhard Riemann, better known for the Riemann hypothesis). For a Riemann surface with negative Euler characteristic ${\displaystyle e=2-2g}$ the number of symmetries is finite. What is the smallest number ${\displaystyle n}$ such that the number of symmetries is at most ${\displaystyle n|e|}$? Hurwitz showed that the answer is the same as the answer to the question above, i.e. ${\displaystyle n=42}$. This is closely related to the fact that the largest triangle that tiles the Hyperbolic plane has angles π/2, π/3, and π/7. Such a tile triangle has the smallest possible angle deficit compared to a triangle in the normal Euclidean plane ${\displaystyle \pi (1-1/2-1/3-1/7)=(1/42)\pi }$.^[33] In addition, the Ravenous Bugblatter Beast of Traal group (colloquially known as "the monster" group) is a (2,3,7) triangle group i.e. one that comes up as symmetry of a Riemann surface with a maximal number of symmetries and as a symmetry of Hyperbolic tiling made up of combinations of triangles with angle angles π/2, π/3, and π/7.^[34] Rumours that mathematicians are grey mice have been disproved, however.^[35][36][37]

In 2019, 42 became the last integer to be solved for the Diophantine equation, which seeks to express every number between 1 and 100 as the sum of three cubes. The solution, which required a million hours of processing time, is (-80538738812075974)^3 + (80435758145817515)^3 + (12602123297335631)^3 = 42. This led to news articles claiming they may have found the meaning of life.^[38]

Cultural references

The Allen Telescope Array, a radio telescope used by SETI, has 42 dishes in homage to the Answer.^[39]

In the American TV show Lost, 42 is the last of the mysterious numbers 4, 8, 15, 16, 23, and 42. In an interview with Lostpedia, producer David Fury confirmed this was a reference to Hitchhiker's.^[40]

The British TV show The Kumars at No. 42 is so named because show creator Sanjeev Bhaskar is a Hitchhiker's fan.^[41]

The band Coldplay's 2008 album Viva la Vida includes a song called "42". When asked by Q if the song's title was Hitchhiker's-related, Chris Martin said, "It is and it isn't."^[42]

The band Level 42 chose its name in reference to the book.^[43]

The 2007 episode "42" of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who was named in reference to the Answer. Writer Chris Chibnall acknowledged that "it's a playful title".^[44]

Ken Jennings, defeated along with Brad Rutter in a Jeopardy! match against IBM's Watson, writes that Watson's avatar which appeared on-screen for those games showed 42 "threads of thought," shown as colorful lines spinning around Watson's logo, and that the number was chosen in reference to this meme.^[45]

The Hitchhiker knitting pattern, designed by Martina Behm, is a scarf with 42 teeth.^[46]

In The Flash, Season 4, Episode 1, Cisco in trying to decipher what Barry is writing explicitly says that what Barry says might solve answer to the Life, the Universe and Everything, which Caitlin suggests is 42.^[47]

In The X-Files, Fox Mulder lives in apartment 42. This has been acknowledged by the show's creator, Chris Carter, as a reference to Hitchhikers.^[48]

The number 47 appears often throughout the Star Trek franchise. When producer Rick Berman was asked about the unusual frequency of the number, he stated, "47 is 42, corrected for inflation."^[49][50]

In season 2, episode 4 of A Discovery of Witches, an auction lot bearing drawings of the series' two main leads is numbered 42 and the number's connection to Douglas Adams is recognized in a conversation. 

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