うそはうそであると見抜ける人でないと「バクテリオファージ」は難しい

2022年3月22日火曜日

2020年1月にNIHが公開したワクチン開発動画にある開発中の"2019 Novel Coronavirus Vaccine"に2019年7月23日のラベル

https://tokumei10.blogspot.com/2022/03/20201nih2019-novel-coronavirus.html

2022年3月22日火曜日

うそはうそであると見抜ける人でないと「COVID-19」と「スパイクタンパク質」と「新型コロナワクチン」は難しい

https://tokumei10.blogspot.com/2022/03/covid-19_22.html

で、

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Structural-representation-of-Yersinia-LcrV-and-A-salmonicida-AcrV-and-the-predicted_fig5_256468402

Multi-Functional Characteristics of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Type III Needle-Tip Protein, PcrV; Comparison to Orthologs in other Gram-negative Bacteria.

,

Frank DW

Author information

Frontiers in Microbiology, 04 Jul 2011, 2:142
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00142 PMID: 21772833 PMCID: PMC3131520

ReviewFree to read & use

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Abstract 

---

Pseudomonas aeruginosa possesses a type III secretion system (T3SS) to intoxicate host cells and evade innate immunity. This virulence-related machinery consists of a molecular syringe and needle assembled on the bacterial surface, which allows delivery of T3 effector proteins into infected cells. To accomplish a one-step effector translocation, a tip protein is required at the top end of the T3 needle structure. Strains lacking expression of the functional tip protein fail to intoxicate host cells. P. aeruginosa encodes a T3S that is highly homologous to the proteins encoded by Yersinia spp. The needle-tip proteins of Yersinia, LcrV, and P. aeruginosa, PcrV, share 37% identity and 65% similarity. Other known tip proteins are AcrV (Aeromonas), IpaD (Shigella), SipD (Salmonella), BipD (Burkholderia), EspA (EPEC, EHEC), Bsp22 (Bordetella), with additional proteins identified from various Gram-negative species, such as Vibrio and Bordetella. The tip proteins can serve as a protective antigen or may be critical for sensing host cells and evading innate immune responses. Recognition of the host microenvironment transcriptionally activates synthesis of T3SS components. The machinery appears to be mechanically controlled by the assemblage of specific junctions within the apparatus. These junctions include the tip and base of the T3 apparatus, the needle proteins and components within the bacterial cytoplasm. The tip proteins likely have chaperone functions for translocon proteins, allowing the proper assembly of translocation channels in the host membrane and completing vectorial delivery of effector proteins into the host cytoplasm. Multi-functional features of the needle-tip proteins appear to be intricately controlled. In this review, we highlight the functional aspects and complex controls of T3 needle-tip proteins with particular emphasis on PcrV and LcrV.

https://europepmc.org/article/med/21772833

Needle spiking (also called injection spiking) is a phenomenon initially reported in the UK and Ireland where people, usually young women, have found themselves apparently subjected to surreptitious injection of unidentified sedative drugs, usually in a crowded environment such as the dancefloor of a nightclub, and producing symptoms such as sedation and amnesia typical of date rape drugs. No verified toxicological results have been published showing the presence of known incapacitating agents in alleged victims, but many reported cases show physical evidence consistent with forcible injection, such as puncture marks with associated bruising, which are usually discovered some time after the incident. The prevalence of genuine cases is unknown and has been controversial, with some experts expressing doubts as to how easily such injections could be carried out without it being immediately obvious to the victim.^{[1][2][3][4][5]}

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needle_spiking

be on pins and needles

or sit on pins and needles

to be very anxious or nervous because you are waiting to see if something happens the way you want it to

I think we all have been sitting on pins and needles and anxious for something to happen.

 https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/be-on-pins-and-needles

2022年3月17日木曜日

Veronica＠Spike＠『Auribus oculi fideliores sunt.』

https://tokumei10.blogspot.com/2022/03/veronicaspikeauribus-oculi-fideliores.html

Veronica: Name Meaning, Popularity and Info on BabyNames ...

https://babynames.com › Baby Girl Names

The name Veronica is primarily a female name of Greek origin that means Truth. Latin for "truth." In the Bible, Veronica was one of the women who defended Jesus ...

Mutated and Bacteriophage T4 Nanoparticle Arrayed F1-V Immunogens from Yersinia pestis as Next Generation Plague Vaccines

• Pan Tao,
• Marthandan Mahalingam,
• Michelle L. Kirtley,
• Christina J. van Lier,
• Jian Sha,
• Linsey A. Yeager,
• Ashok K. Chopra ,
• Venigalla B. Rao

• Published: July 11, 2013
• https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003495

Abstract

Pneumonic plague is a highly virulent infectious disease with 100% mortality rate, and its causative organism Yersinia pestis poses a serious threat for deliberate use as a bioterror agent. Currently, there is no FDA approved vaccine against plague. The polymeric bacterial capsular protein F1, a key component of the currently tested bivalent subunit vaccine consisting, in addition, of low calcium response V antigen, has high propensity to aggregate, thus affecting its purification and vaccine efficacy. We used two basic approaches, structure-based immunogen design and phage T4 nanoparticle delivery, to construct new plague vaccines that provided complete protection against pneumonic plague. The NH₂-terminal β-strand of F1 was transplanted to the COOH-terminus and the sequence flanking the β-strand was duplicated to eliminate polymerization but to retain the T cell epitopes. The mutated F1 was fused to the V antigen, a key virulence factor that forms the tip of the type three secretion system (T3SS). The F1mut-V protein showed a dramatic switch in solubility, producing a completely soluble monomer. The F1mut-V was then arrayed on phage T4 nanoparticle via the small outer capsid protein, Soc. The F1mut-V monomer was robustly immunogenic and the T4-decorated F1mut-V without any adjuvant induced balanced T_H1 and T_H2 responses in mice. Inclusion of an oligomerization-deficient YscF, another component of the T3SS, showed a slight enhancement in the potency of F1-V vaccine, while deletion of the putative immunomodulatory sequence of the V antigen did not improve the vaccine efficacy. Both the soluble (purified F1mut-V mixed with alhydrogel) and T4 decorated F1mut-V (no adjuvant) provided 100% protection to mice and rats against pneumonic plague evoked by high doses of Y. pestis CO92. These novel platforms might lead to efficacious and easily manufacturable next generation plague vaccines.

Author Summary

Plague caused by Yersinia pestis is a deadly disease that wiped out one-third of Europe's population in the 14th century. The organism is listed by the CDC as Tier-1 biothreat agent, and currently, there is no FDA-approved vaccine against this pathogen. Stockpiling of an efficacious plague vaccine that could protect people against a potential bioterror attack has been a national priority. The current vaccines based on the capsular antigen (F1) and the low calcium response V antigen, are promising against both bubonic and pneumonic plague. However, the polymeric nature of F1 with its propensity to aggregate affects vaccine efficacy and generates varied immune responses in humans. We have addressed a series of concerns and generated mutants of F1 and V, which are completely soluble and produced in high yields. We then engineered the vaccine into a novel delivery platform using the bacteriophage T4 nanoparticle. The nanoparticle vaccines induced robust immunogenicity and provided 100% protection to mice and rats against pneumonic plague. These highly efficacious new generation plague vaccines are easily manufactured, and the potent T4 platform which can simultaneously incorporate antigens from other biothreat or emerging infectious agents provides a convenient way for mass vaccination of humans against multiple pathogens.

https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1003495

2022年3月6日日曜日

トーマス・ジェローム・ニュートンこと『地球に落ちて来た男』The Man Who Fell to EarthとLazarus

https://tokumei10.blogspot.com/2022/03/the-man-who-fell-to-earthlazarus.html

ファージ（英: phage）は、細菌や古細菌に感染して複製するウイルスで、正式にはバクテリオファージ（英: bacteriophage）と呼ばれる。ファージの基本構造は、タンパク質の外殻と遺伝情報を担う核酸 (主に二本鎖DNA) からなる。ファージが感染した細菌は細胞膜を破壊される溶菌という現象を起こし、死細胞を残さない。細菌が食べ尽くされるかのように死滅するため、これにちなんで「細菌（bacteria）を食べるもの（ギリシア語:phagos）」を表す「バクテリオファージ(bacteriophage)」という名がつけられた。

バクテリオファージは、DNAまたはRNAのゲノムをカプセル化したタンパク質で構成され、単純なものから精巧なものまである。それらのゲノムは、わずか4つの遺伝子（例：MS2）から数100の遺伝子までをコードしている。ファージは、細菌の細胞質にゲノムを注入した後、細菌内で複製する。

バクテリオファージは、生物圏で最も一般的で多様な存在である^[1]。バクテリオファージは汎存ウイルスであり、細菌が存在する場所ならどこにでも存在する。地球上には、バクテリオファージが10³¹個以上存在すると推定されており、これは細菌を含む地球上の他のすべての生物を合わせた数よりも多くなっている^[2]。ウイルスは、世界の海の水柱（水面から底質への水の概念的な柱）に最も豊富な生物学的実体であり、原核生物に次いで2番目に大きなバイオマス構成要素であり^[3]、表面の微生物マット（英語版）で1ミリリットル当たり9x10⁸個のウイルスが検出され^[4]、海洋細菌（英語版）の最大70%がファージに感染している可能性がある^[5]。

バクテリオファージは、20世紀初頭に、アーネスト・ハンキンとフレデリック・トウォートによって独立に発見され、カナダの生物学者フェリックス・デレーユによって溶菌作用が見出された。初期の分子生物学においてモデル生物として盛んに用いられた。またファージのゲノムは改変され、遺伝子導入やDNA断片のライブラリ作成などにも用いられている。有名なファージの一つにはラムダファージ（λファージ）があり、大腸菌に感染する。全ゲノムの解読はラムダファージで行われた（ゲノムプロジェクト）。また、ウイルス粒子が非常に複雑な形態のT4ファージもよく知られている。

20世紀後半から、旧ソビエト連邦、中央ヨーロッパ、およびフランスで抗生物質の代替品として使用されてきた^[6][7]。ファージは、多くの細菌の多剤耐性株に対する治療法として考えられている（ファージセラピーを参照）^[8]。一方、イノウイルス科（Inoviridae）のファージは、肺炎や嚢胞性線維症に関与するバイオフィルムを複雑化して、病気を根絶するための薬剤から細菌を保護し、持続的感染を促進することが示されている^[9]。 

、、、（爆ｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗ