George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River, which occurred on the night of December 25–26, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War, was the first move in a surprise attack organized by George Washington against Hessian forces (German auxiliaries in the service of the British) in Trenton, New Jersey, on the morning of December 26. Planned in partial secrecy, Washington led a column of Continental Army troops across the icy Delaware River in a logistically challenging and dangerous operation.
Other planned crossings in support of the operation were either called off or ineffective, but this did not prevent Washington from surprising and defeating the troops of Johann Rall quartered in Trenton. The army crossed the river back to Pennsylvania, this time laden with prisoners and military stores taken as a result of the battle.
Washington's army then crossed the river a third time at the end of the year, under conditions made more difficult by the uncertain thickness of the ice on the river. They defeated British reinforcements under Lord Cornwallis at Trenton on January 2, 1777, and defeated his rear guard at Princeton on January 3, before retreating to winter quarters in Morristown, New Jersey.
The unincorporated communities of Washington Crossing, Pennsylvania, and Washington Crossing, New Jersey, are named in honor of this event.
Washington crossed the Delaware River so that his army could attack an isolated garrison of Hessian troops located at Trenton, New Jersey. ... Washington's aim was to conduct a surprise attack upon a Hessian garrison of roughly 1,400 soldiers located in and around Trenton, New Jersey.
Hessians (US: /ˈhɛʃənz/ or UK: /ˈhɛsiənz/)[1] were German soldiers who served as auxiliaries to the British Army during the American Revolutionary War.[2] The term is an American synecdoche for all Germans who fought on the British side, since 65% came from the German states of Hesse-Kassel and Hesse-Hanau. Known for their discipline and martial prowess, around 30,000 Germans fought for the British during war, comprising a quarter of British forces.[3]
Although very often referred to by scholars as mercenaries, Hessians were legally[2] and politically distinguished as auxiliaries; unlike mercenaries, who served a foreign government on their own accord, auxiliaries were soldiers hired out to a foreign party by their own government, to which they remained in service.[2] Many German states regularly rented the service of their troops to fight in wars they had no interest in throughout the 18th century as a source of funding. Like most auxiliaries, Hessians served with foreign armies as entire units, fighting under Hessian flags, commanded by their usual officers, and wearing their existing uniforms.
Hessians played a key role in the American Revolution.[4] They served with distinction in many battles across North America, particularly in the northern theater, most notably at White Plains and Fort Washington.[4] The added manpower and skill of German troops is credited for greatly sustaining the British war effort, but it also inflamed the American cause.[4] The use of "large armies of foreign mercenaries" was one of the 27 colonial grievances against King George III in the Declaration of Independence, while the Patriots cited the usage of Hessians as proof of British cruelty and indifference towards the colonists.[5]
Prince Christoph Ernst August of Hesse (14 May 1901 – 7 October 1943) was a nephew of Kaiser Wilhelm II. He was a German SS officer and was killed on active duty in a plane crash during World War II. His brother-in-law, Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, fought on the British side and married the future Queen Elizabeth II after the war.[1]Prince Christoph of Hesse was born in Frankfurt, the fifth son of Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse and Princess Margaret of Prussia. His father, Frederick Charles, a scion of the House of Hesse, was elected King of Finland in 1918, when Finland declared its independence after the collapse of the Russian Empire.[2] However, the overwhelming Republican victories in the 1919 Finnish parliamentary election effectively ended any ambitions for a Finnish monarchy.[2]
Christoph's mother was the daughter of Emperor Frederick III and of Victoria, Princess Royal. Prince Christoph was thus a great-grandson of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.[3] Christoph had several brothers, including Prince Philipp and Prince Wolfgang.[4] His two eldest brothers, Friedrich Wilhelm and Maximilian, both died in World War I.
『デラウェア川を渡るワシントン』（デラウェアがわをわたるワシントン、英: Washington Crossing the Delaware）は、1851年にドイツ系アメリカ人画家エマヌエル・ロイツェが描いた油彩画である。題材はアメリカ独立戦争中の1776年12月25日にジョージ・ワシントンが大陸軍を率いてデラウェア川を渡ったことを記念するものである。この渡河によって大陸軍はニュージャージーのトレントンにおけるトレントンの戦いでドイツ人傭兵隊を急襲した。
2004年時点で、メトロポリタン美術館の永久収蔵品となっている。多くの模写品が存在し、そのうちの一つはホワイトハウスのウエストウイング受付場所に飾られている。
ドイツ生まれのエマヌエル・ロイツェ（1816年–1868年）はアメリカで成長し、大人になってドイツに戻り、 1848年革命の間にこの絵の概念を思いついた。アメリカの独立を題材にしてヨーロッパの革新的改革者達を勇気付けることを期待し、アメリカ人観光客や美学生をモデルや助手に使って、1850年に最初の絵を完成させた。それが完成した直後にアトリエの火災で損傷し、その後修復されて、ブレーメン美術館に買い上げられた。第二次世界大戦中の1942年、イギリス空軍による空襲でこの絵は破壊された（この攻撃はアメリカ独立に対するイギリスの最後の復讐だったという根強いジョークに繋がった）。
最初の作品の原寸大の写しである2作目が1850年に制作を始められ、1851年10月にニューヨークで展示された。5万人以上の人が観賞に訪れた。この絵を当初マーシャル・O・ロバーツが（当時としては破格値の）1万ドルで購入した。所有者は何度か変わり、最終的には1897年にメトロポリタン美術館に寄贈された。今日でもそこで展示されている。
2003年1月、元メトロポリタン美術館守衛がこの絵にアメリカ同時多発テロ事件の写真を貼り付けて、表面が損なわれたが、恒久的な傷にはならなかった[1]。
、、、（爆ｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗ
2 件のコメント:
分かってらっしゃる 爆
1776年12月25日～26日にかけてアメリカ革命ー独立戦争のさなか
ワシントンはデラウエア河を渡りイギリス軍の補助ヘッセン軍に奇襲をかけ勝利した
244年後の今 トランプ大統領は第二次アメリカ独立戦争の闘いの中、ワシントンと同じく
瘴気漂いワニが群がる沼を渡っている
トールキンの「指輪物語」のように
正しく指輪を使うことで勝利する
この闘いは＜歴史ー伝承ー神話=（自由と独立と真美と創造）＞の
ファンタジーの源泉となるのでしょう
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