ジャングルジム（Jungle gym）とは、金属パイプの骨組みやロープなどでできた、子供が登ったり、ぶら下がったり、座ったりして遊ぶための、運動場に設けられる設備のことである。1920年にシカゴの弁護士セバスティアン・ヒントン（Sebastian Hinton）によって発明された。「Jungle gym」は元は商標名であった。日本語では「枠登り（わくのぼり）」ともいう。
ウィリアム・ハワード・ヒントン（William Howard Hinton、1919年2月2日 - 2004年3月15日）は、アメリカの農学者、ジャーナリスト。中国共産党の施策についての著作で知られる。
妹のジョアン・ヒントンは原子爆弾の開発にかかわった物理学者で、後に中国に移住して酪農研究者となった。娘のカーマ・ヒントンはドキュメンタリー監督で、映画『天安門』の共同監督の一人である。
来歴
イリノイ州シカゴ生まれ。父は弁護士、母は教育者だった。1937年にはじめて中国を訪問する。ハーヴァード大学で2年間学んだのちに、コーネル大学で農学を学び、1941年に卒業する。
1945年に再度訪中し、重慶会談に出席した毛沢東と対面した。その後は、1947年から国連救済復興機構（UNRRA）のトラクター技師として、1953年まで中国に滞在した。国民党の腐敗に失望して、中国共産党の支持者となる。1948年には山西省の農村に滞在し、中国共産党の農地改革をフィールドワークする。この体験を、帰国後に彼の代表作『翻身』にまとめた。
1953年の朝鮮戦争の終結後に、アメリカに帰国する。だが、マッカーシズムの吹き荒れる中、職につくことができず、母の残した農園で農業を営みながら著作活動を行う。
1971年には文化大革命のさなかの中国を再訪問した。文革の目的自体は支持しながらも、清華大学での紅衛兵どうしの権力闘争を批判的に描いた『百日戦争』を執筆した。
その後、1975年には「米中人民友好協会」（The U.S.-Chaina Peoples Freindly Associataion）を結成した。
1980年代に、ポスト毛沢東政権が人民公社を撤廃しても、ヒントンは中国共産党を支持した。しかし、1989年の天安門事件はヒントンを失望させた。
1995年に、ヒントンの妻のキャサリン・チウがユニセフの職員としてモンゴルに赴任した際、ヒントンも同行し、モンゴルで農学の指導にあたった。
日本語訳された著書
- 『翻身 ある中国農村の革命の記録』 Fanshen 1966（加藤祐三他訳、平凡社、1972年）
- 『鉄牛 中国の農業革命の記録』 Iron Oxen 1970（加藤祐三,赤尾修共訳、平凡社、1976年）
- 『百日戦争 清華大学の文化大革命』 Hundred Day War 1972（春名徹訳、平凡社、1976年）
- 『中国文化大革命 歴史の転轍とその方向』 Turning Point in China 1972（藤村俊郎訳、平凡社、1974年）
- 『大逆転 鄧小平・農業政策の失敗』 The Great Reversal 1989（田口佐紀子訳、亜紀書房 1991年5月）
William Howard Hinton (February 2, 1919 – May 15, 2004) was an American farmer and prolific writer. A Marxist, he is best known for his book Fanshen, published in 1966, a "documentary of revolution" which chronicled the land reform program of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in the 1940s in Zhangzhuangcun (张庄村, pinyin: Zhāngzhuāngcūn), sometimes translated as Long Bow Village, a village in Shanxi Province in northern China.[1] Sequels followed the experience of the village during the 1950s and Cultural Revolution. Hinton wrote and lectured extensively to explain the Maoist approach and, in later years, to criticize Deng Xiaoping's market reforms.
Joan Hinton (Chinese name: 寒春, Pinyin: Hán Chūn; 20 October 1921 – 8 June 2010)[1] was a nuclear physicist and one of the few women scientists who worked for the Manhattan Project in Los Alamos. She lived in the People's Republic of China after 1949, where she and her husband Erwin (Sid) Engst participated in China’s efforts at developing a socialist economy, working extensively in agriculture. She lived on a dairy farm north of Beijing before her death on June 8, 2010.
Her father, Sebastian Hinton, was a lawyer (who also was the inventor of the jungle gym[2]); her mother, Carmelita Hinton, was an educator and the founder of The Putney School, an independent progressive school in Vermont. Her sister, Jean Hinton Rosner (1917–2002), was a civil rights and peace activist. Joan Hinton's great-grandfather was the mathematician George Boole; Ethel Lilian Voynich, a great-aunt, was the author of The Gadfly, a novel later read by millions of Soviet and Chinese readers.
Joan Hinton studied physics at Bennington College and the University of Wisconsin.[3] She observed the Trinity test at Alamogordo and wrote about it:
- “It was like being at the bottom of an ocean of light. We were bathed in it from all directions. The light withdrew into the bomb as if the bomb sucked it up. Then it turned purple and blue and went up and up and up. We were still talking in whispers when the cloud reached the level where it was struck by the rising sunlight so it cleared out the natural clouds. We saw a cloud that was dark and red at the bottom and daylight at the top. Then suddenly the sound reached us. It was very sharp and rumbled and all the mountains were rumbling with it. We suddenly started talking out loud and felt exposed to the whole world.”
Joan Hinton was shocked when the US government, three weeks later, dropped nuclear bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. She left the Manhattan Project and lobbied the government in Washington to internationalize nuclear power.
Her brother William H. Hinton (1919–2004), a sociologist, had travelled to China for the first time in 1937 and observed the land reform in the communist-occupied areas. (He would thirty years later publish Fanshen about his findings, a book that became very successful in the US.)
In March 1948, Joan Hinton travelled to Shanghai, worked for Soong Ching-ling, the widow of President Sun Yat-sen, and tried to establish contacts with the Chinese communists. She witnessed the communists gaining control of Beijing in 1949 and moved to Yan'an, where she married Erwin Engst, who had been working in China since 1946. They worked at a farm near Xi'an and moved to Beijing to work as translators and editors at the beginning of the Cultural Revolution in 1966.
During the Cold War, some Americans considered her to have betrayed the United States, as a nuclear physicist who went to China and took part in its revolution. However, what most Americans did not realize, according to Hinton, is that she and her husband were working in agriculture on a tiny commune in a remote part of China, without electricity or even radios.[4]
On August 29 (or in June, according to another source), 1966, Joan Hinton, Erwin Engst and two other Americans living in China—Bertha Sneck (Shǐ Kè 史克, who had previously been married to Joan’s brother William) and Ann Tomkins (Tāngpǔjīnsēn 汤普金森)—signed a poster put up at the Foreign Experts Bureau in Beijing with the following text:
- Which monsters and freaks are pulling the strings so foreigners get this kind of treatment? Foreigners working in China, no matter what class background they have, no matter what their attitude is toward the revolution, they all get the “five nots and two haves”: the five nots—first: no physical labour, second: no thought reform, third: no chances of contacts with workers and peasants, fourth: no participation in class struggle, fifth: no participation in production struggle; the two haves—first: they have an exceptionally high living standard, second: they have all kinds of specialization. What kind of concept is that? This is Khrushchevism, this is revisionist thinking, this is class exploitation! [...] We demand: [...] Seventh: the same living standard and the same level of Chinese staff; eighth: no specialization any more. Long live the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution!
In 1972, Joan Hinton and Erwin Engst started working in agriculture again at the Beijing Red Star Commune.
In June 1987, William Hinton went to the town of Dazhai in Shanxi province to observe the changes brought about by the reform policies, and in August 1987, Joan Hinton stayed at Dazhai as well.
In a 1996 interview with CNN, after nearly 50 years in China, she stated “[we] never intended to stay in China so long, but were too caught up to leave.”[4] Hinton described the changes she and her husband had witnessed in China since the beginning of the economic reforms of Deng Xiaoping in the late 1970s. They stated they “have watched their socialist dream fall apart” as much of China embraced capitalism. A 2004 MSNBC interviews noted her critical assessment of economic change as “betrayals of the socialist cause.”[5] She noted what she describes as a rise of exploitation in Chinese society.
Hinton lived alone following the death of her husband in 2003. Her three children moved to the United States, with Hinton noting that “They probably would have stayed if China were still socialist.” Hinton retained her American citizenship, which she considered “convenient for travel.” [5] Her son, Yang Heping (Fred Engst) moved back to Beijing in 2007 as a professor at the University of International Business and Economics.[6]
In her 2005 essay “The Second Superpower”,[7] Hinton stated, “There are two opposing superpowers in the world today: the U.S. on one side, and world public opinion on the other. The first thrives on war. The second demands peace and social justice.”
She remained active in the small community of expats in Beijing, protesting against the war in Iraq.
、、、（爆ｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗ
4 件のコメント:
jungle gym rhapsody in august
大日本興亜同盟 世界連邦 下中弥三郎
図書月販 平凡社 月賦
見た瞬間 Guy fawkes night ？って思ったのだけど
それ１１月５日だったわ
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