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PIGNATEL FAMILY

Among Nagasaki residents, one of the most famous romances involving a Westerner and a
Japanese surrounds the Frenchman Victor Leopold Pignatel. How much truth there is to
the story, however, is open to debate.

Victor Pignatel came from an old French family with its origins in Italy. Victor's grandfather,
Jean-Pierre August Pignatel, and Jean-Pierre's brother, Marceau, were born and raised in
Lyon, the center of the French silk industry. Together, they formed a successful silk
commission agency headquartered in the city. Jean-Pierre and his wife had five children,
the eldest being Eugene, who was born in Lyon on September 21, 1818. On Christmas day
1839, at the age of twenty-one, Eugene married Priscilla Browne in Manchester, England.
The newlyweds promptly moved to the bustling Italian port town of Livorno, Italy, where
they spent more than a decade. Livorno was one of the main trading centers for Italian silk
and a financial center of the region. There, Eugene and Priscilla had five children: Lucie
(1840), Emma (1843), Maria (1845), Victor (1846) and Charles (1848), and Eugene worked
successfully as a merchant. A sixth child, Alice, was born in Lancashire, England in 1851,
soon after their return to Manchester.

In January 1846, with Eugene still in Livorno, his father passed away and Eugene inherited
the family business. Seven months later (August 18th), Victor, Eugene's eldest son, was
born. Eugene remained in Livorno, and came to play an active role in the chaotic Revolution
of 1848. In September of that year, he became a member of the liberal provincial
government commission that gained control in Livorno. Two months later (November 18th),
his son Charles was born. In January 1850, when more conservative forces came to power
in the town under the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Eugene was nominated to be the Tuscan
Consul at Lyon. Whether he ever served in this capacity is unclear, but it is known that
Eugene and his family had returned to England by the end of the year.

That same year, Marceau Pignatel, Eugene's uncle, retired from an active role in the family
silk business, and the focus of the business changed somewhat. In 1852, Eugene, Marceau,
Charles Meunier (Marceau's nephew) and Ferdinand Genth formed a partnership called
Pignatel, Genth & Co., Merchants and Commercial Agents, based in Manchester. With
Marceau's death and the silkworm disease outbreak in Europe that devastated the French
silk industry in 1855, the firm struggled and then dissolved in May 1857.

Eugene transferred his business operations to Nagasaki in May 1860. In October 1860, he
purchased property at what would become No. 5 Dejima from the merchant H.H. Spengler,
whose business had twice burned down. Pignatel also rented No. 10 Oura along the
waterfront. His original business interests revolved in part around trying to purchase
Japanese silk and possibly Japanese silkworms for delivery to his hometown of Lyon, in an
effort to revive the silk industry there.

Two years later, Eugene's cousin Jean Etienne Victor (Marceau's son and heir), who was a
silk merchant in Lyon, established a branch office in Chefoo [Yantai], China in part to
investigate Chinese silk export possibilities. Victor returned to Lyon the following year,
where he helped establish the powerful Credit Lyonnaise Bank. The same year, Eugene was
joined in Nagasaki by his two teenage sons, seventeen-year-old Victor Leopold and his
younger brother Charles. Together they operated Pignatel & Co., a business that by this
time dealt mainly in food provisions and European wines, at No. 5 Dejima. The firm also
imported some of the materials used in the construction of Oura Catholic Church.

Not making the trip to Nagasaki was Eugene's wife Priscilla and their four daughters, and it
appears that he never saw them again. It is possible that he had a relationship with a
Japanese woman while in Nagasaki, because later accounts speak of Eugene's sons having
two half-sisters. Upon Eugene Pignatel's death in Nagasaki on September 8, 1870 at the age
of fifty-one, the family business was carried on by his two sons. The man who two decades
earlier had played a key role in the Revolution of 1848 in Italy, was an early member of the
Nagasaki foreign settlement Municipal Council and he lived long enough to witness the Meiji
Restoration in Japan.

According to Japanese accounts, not too long after the death of his father, Victor Pignatel
fell in love with and later married a Japanese woman named Masaki from the Maruyama
pleasure district. After three years of marriage, however, Masaki died of a sudden illness.
Apparently, Victor was unable to forget his one true love and remained single for the rest of
his life -- treasuring a red-lacquer pillow that she had left behind. How much of the story is
true is difficult to ascertain, but it is known that Victor never remarried and that he lived
out his life as a virtual recluse in Nagasaki.

Besides assisting in the family business, Charles Pignatel worked for the French consulate in
Nagasaki in 1865 and taught at the domain school in neighboring Saga in 1874. He returned
to England in the early 1880s to work for the London branch of Credit Lyonnais, the bank
headquartered in Lyon that his cousin had helped found in 1863. There he married a
German native named Victoria and they had a son named Ernest. Charles later moved to
the Paris branch of the same bank and died in that city in October 1917.

Victor remained in Nagasaki to run the family company. Two of the sisters who stayed
behind in England married into British money: the younger sister, Alice, married Sir Archibald
Geikie in 1871, and the following year the elder sister, Emma, wed the publisher Alexander
Macmillan. Emma in particular played a prominent role in British literary circles, and was
influential in broadening her husband's interest in Italian art and culture. Of the remaining
two sisters, both died in England, Maria in 1865 at the young age of twenty and Lucie in
1928 at the age of eighty-eight. Neither married.

Victor Pignatel, who at seventy-five was the oldest foreign resident in Nagasaki at the time
of his death, died at his Dejima residence after a short illness on January 30, 1922. He was
buried in Sakamoto International Cemetery. Upon his passing, the Nagasaki Press noted
that "For years Mr. Pignatel has lived a very retired life and as he has taken no part in
social life here, very few of the residents knew him personally."

Apparently, Victor was not as anti-social as he appeared, however, as upon his death, part
of his will was contested by his Japanese maid. His estate, which was divided among J.M.
Figueiredo of Shanghai and Charles Mitchell of Kobe (who were said to be the sons of Victor'
s two half sisters) and Mrs. A.C. de Souza of Nagasaki ― consisted of bank deposits, the
residence at Dejima, the Nagasaki Club land lot (No. 10 Oura), and a home and grounds on
the hill at Minamiyamate. The latter was contested by the Japanese maid, who claimed
that Pignatel had given the property to her on his deathbed in the presence of witnesses.
The maid's claim was later rejected and the property went to Mrs. de Souza, who continued
to live on the premises.

SIMAO R. DE SOUZA

Simao Rozario de Souza, the father of A.C. de Souza, was born in Macao around 1837 and
educated in Bombay. In 1872 he came to Nagasaki. S.R. de Souza married Hamamoto
Shito of Shimabara in October 1885. The couple have eight children buried in Nagasaki's
international cemeteries. From 1885 until 1898, de Souza worked as an interpreter for the
U.S. Consulate in Nagasaki. Later, he performed the same duties for the U.S. Army Depot.
S.R. de Souza died on January 6, 1904 at the family residence at No. 26 Minamiyamate at
the age of sixty-seven. He was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery, but no
gravestone remains today.

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