イスラエル首相「ホロコーストはパレスチナ人が進言」
エルサレム＝渡辺丘、ベルリン＝玉川透
2015年10月23日03時17分
イスラエルのネタニヤフ首相が、第２次世界大戦中のホロコースト（ユダヤ人大量虐殺）はパレスチナ人がナチス・ドイツの指導者ヒトラーに進言したものだと発言し、専門家らから「歴史の歪曲（わいきょく）」などと批判が集まっている。
ネタニヤフ氏は２０日、エルサレムであったユダヤ人団体の会議で、１９４１年のヒトラーとパレスチナの宗教指導者との会談に触れ、「ヒトラーはユダヤ人を絶滅させたかったのではなく、追放したかった」として、宗教指導者が虐殺を進言したと主張した。
だが、イスラエルの歴史家は、ヒトラーは３９年の演説で欧州のユダヤ人種絶滅に言及していたと指摘する。２１日、ベルリンを訪れたネタニヤフ氏と会談したメルケル独首相は共同会見で「ドイツはホロコーストの責任を負っている」と述べ、ドイツの歴史認識に変わりないことを強調した。
一方、ケリー米国務長官は２２日、ベルリンでネタニヤフ氏と会談し、パレスチナとの暴力の連鎖を止めるよう求めた。数時間の会談後、ケリー氏は会見で「慎重ではあるが、楽観的に受け止めている」と述べ、事態の沈静化に向けて数日中に新たな提案がなされる可能性を指摘した。（エルサレム＝渡辺丘、ベルリン＝玉川透）
http://www.asahi.com/articles/ASHBQ4TNBHBQUHBI016.html
キタコレ！（爆ｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗ
またベルハンドクラブか！（爆ｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗ
(CNN)There's no question Adolf Hitler led Nazi Germany when it implemented the "final solution" in an effort to kill all Jews.
But, in a speech this week, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu suggested it wasn't Hitler's idea.
Rather, he pointed to Jerusalem's then-grand mufti, Haj Amin al-Husseini, who met with the Nazi leader in Germany in the early 1940s.
"Hitler didn't want to exterminate the Jews at the time, he wanted to expel the Jews," Netanyahu said Tuesday at the 37th Zionist Congress, according to a transcript on his website. "And Haj Amin al-Husseini went to Hitler and said, 'If you expel them, they'll all come here.'
"'So what should I do with them?' (Hitler) asked. (Husseini) said, 'Burn them.'"
There's no video or audio, not even a transcript, that can definitively prove Netanyahu's account of the conversation between Hitler and Husseini, who as grand mufti oversaw Muslim sites in Jerusalem. But it quickly spurred criticism in Israel and the Palestinian territories, with some claiming that Netanyahu had effectively absolved Hitler of the Holocaust's most gruesome, deplorable aspect and instead blamed Husseini -- then and now a renowned figure in Palestinian circles -- for the systematic killing of more than 6 million Jews using gas chambers and firing squads.
PLO: Statements 'deepened the divide'
Palestinian Liberation Organization Secretary General Saeb Erakat strongly rejected Netanyahu's claim. He pointed to Palestinians who fought with the Allies during World War II and said, "Palestinian efforts against the Nazi regime are a deep-rooted part of our history."
Even worse, according to Erakat, is that this statement comes as world leaders such as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon have publicly and privately urged Netanyahu to ease the rhetoric in order to calm tensions that have flared in recent weeks.
Eight Israelis have been killed after being stabbed, shot or run over. At least 45 Palestinians have been killed, either for their part in those attacks or in clashes with Israeli authorities in the West Bank, Jerusalem and Gaza, according to the Palestinian Health Ministry.
"(Netanyahu's) regrettable statements have deepened the divide during a time when a just and lasting peace is needed most," Erakat said. "(They are) further fueling the political issue into a religious one, and underscoring his commitment to the continued occupation and violence against Palestinians."
Israeli opposition: 'Dangerous distortion'
It's not just Palestinians who are upset.
Netanyahu has been blasted in Israel. Isaac Herzog, the head of that country's opposition Zionist Union party, said Netanyahu, through his comments, "has forgotten that he is not only the Israeli Prime Minister but also the Prime Minister of the Jewish people."
"This is a dangerous distortion of history and I demand that Netanyahu fix it immediately, because it trivializes the Holocaust, trivializes the Nazis and the share of the terrible dictator Adolf Hitler's terrible tragedy of our people during the Holocaust," Herzog wrote on his Facebook page.
"It falls like a ripe fruit straight into the hands of Holocaust deniers and puts them in conflict with the Palestinians."
Not backing down
The Israeli leader rarely backtracks or backs down, and he isn't in this case, either. Talking before a trip to Berlin -- the same place where Hitler and Husseini met -- he called the criticisms "absurd" and insisted he "had no intention to absolve Hitler of responsibility for his diabolical destruction of European Jewry."
And Netanyahu stood by his condemnation of Husseini "for encouraging and urging Hitler," citing testimony by a deputy of key Nazi figure Adolf Eichmann during his trial for his role in the Holocaust.
"The mufti was instrumental in the decision to exterminate the Jews of Europe," the Israeli leader said.
" ... My intention was not to absolve Hitler, but rather to show that the forefathers of the Palestinian nation -- without a country and without the so-called 'occupation,' without land and without settlements -- even then aspired to systematic incitement to exterminate the Jews."
Merkel: Germany alone responsible for the Holocaust
Netanyahu offered similar sentiments after arriving in Berlin. He said "no one should deny" that Hitler "was responsible for the Holocaust," while insisting again they shouldn't deny Hussein's role, either.
The Prime Minister cited the deputy's testimony in the Eichmann trial that, he said, showed the mufti is "one of the originators of the ... destruction of European Jewry by the Germans and became a permanent colleague, partner and adviser to (Nazi) officials."
One person who isn't buying the idea that anyone outside Germany -- including a Muslim leader from Jerusalem -- was responsible for the Holocaust is that country's current chancellor.
"We don't see any reason to change our view of history, particularly on this issue," Chancellor Angela Merkel said while standing alongside Netanyahu. "We abide by our responsibility, in Germany, for the Holocaust."
Hitler's anti-Semitism years in the making
The full truth of what transpired between Hitler (who died in Berlin in 1945) and Husseini (who died in Beirut, Lebanon, in 1974) died with them. But clues can be derived by exploring their lives before (and, in Husseini's case, after) the horrors of Auschwitz, Buchenwald, Treblinka and other concentration camps.
Hitler's anti-Semitism has been well-documented. One early indicator is a 1919 letter to a German army captain that articulated his notion that Judaism was a race (not a religion) that threatened German society.
Liberation of Auschwitz
9 photos: Liberation of Auschwitz
"The final goal must be the removal of Jews," Hitler wrote, according to the letter found in the Nazi Archives in Nuremberg and now at the Simon Wiesenthal Center. "To accomplish these goals, only a government of national power is capable."
He would eventually head such a government, overseeing policies that -- through legislation, deportation into ghettos, killing squads and ultimately death camps -- targeted Jews. That repression began well before any meeting with the grand mufti.
As Erakat noted, it's a fact that many Muslims sided with the Allies and fought against Hitler. But the Fuhrer did have at least one notable Muslim ally, according to a U.S. National Archives publication citing U.S. documents and officials -- Husseini.
Mufti denied favoring 'elimination of the Jews'
That same U.S. report noted that Husseini had led anti-Jewish revolts in what was then Palestine (and run by the British) in 1929 and 1936.
In a 1952 interview with Life magazine, the grand mufti said he ended up in Germany during World War II because first the English, then the French attempted to capture him and he couldn't find refuge in Iraq, then Iran, then Turkey.
"I had to go to Europe. Where in Europe could I go? England? France?" Husseini said. "The only place was Germany."
Once there, according to the National Archives report, Husseini appeared on pro-Nazi propaganda broadcasts aimed at the Arab world, helped recruit Muslims in Croatia to fight for the Axis and was bankrolled by the German state. He also had interactions with SS leader Heinrich Himmler and Eichmann, according to testimony at the latter's 1961 trial in Israel.
The grand mufti ended up bouncing around from Switzerland to France to Syria to Egypt before eventually settling in Lebanon. "The Allies knew enough about Husseini's wartime activities to consider him a war criminal," the U.S. report says, citing declassified CIA and Army files. Yet he never was charged with war crimes.
In his Life interview, Husseini challenged claims that he was ever a Hitlerite. In fact, he insisted that he and fellow Muslims "don't mean to eliminate the Jews. Not at all."
"No, the elimination of the Jews is not in our program," said Husseini. "We have no idea of wiping them out. The Jews lived among us for 13 centuries as a minority, and we protected them."
'This fuels more anger and resentment on both sides'
Whether Husseini's comments can be taken at face value, they were made over 60 years ago. Why are they relevant now?
Netanyahu said he brought them up because of tensions over Jerusalem's al-Aqsa Mosque, accusing Palestinian leaders such as Mahmoud Abbas of spreading lies about Israel's attention to change the status quo. Such comments, the Prime Minister claimed, echo those made by Husseini in the 1920s -- years before he ended up in Nazi Germany.
He tried to turn the tables on Abbas and other Palestinian Authority figures for their remarks, as well as for "glorifying ... the mufti of Jerusalem as a Palestinian icon."
Mehnaz Afridi, a Manhattan College professor who promotes Muslim-Jewish dialogue and is an expert on Muslims in the Holocaust, thinks that -- wherever the truth lies -- "this ... really is a terrible statement to make at this time."
Many Muslims in the Middle East don't deny the Holocaust, though they see it as a European crime that they're paying for decades later. So to bring it up now, and especially to tie it to a Palestinian figure, can only exacerbate an already volatile situation, many argue.
"We don't need this anymore," said Afridi, who claimed that Husseini and Hitler only met once. "This fuels more anger and resentment on both sides, and more misinformation."
http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/21/middleeast/netanyahu-hitler-grand-mufti-holocaust/
The Holocaust
Al-Husseini and the Holocaust
Some scholars, such as Schwanitz and Rubin, say that Husseini was an architect of the Holocaust.[168] In October 2015, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu stated that al-Husseini inspired Hitler to systematically exterminate Jews in the Holocaust, rather than deracinating the Jewish population of Nazi-occupied Europe to modern-day Israel. Netanyahu's remarks were broadly criticized, and dismissed by Holocaust scholars from Israel and Germany.[169][170][171] Documents, such as the testimony of Fritz Grobba,[172] confirm that an associate of al-Husseini's, together with three associates of the former Iraqi Prime Minister certainly did visit the Sachsenhausen concentration camp as part of a German secret police "training course" in July 1942. At the time, the Sachsenhausen camp housed large numbers of Jews, but was only transformed into a death camp in the following year.[173] Their tour through the camp presented it as a re-educational institution, and they were shown the high quality of objects made by inmates, and happy Russian prisoners who, reformed to fight Bolshevism, were paraded, singing, in sprightly new uniforms. They left the camp very favourably impressed by its programme of educational indoctrination.[174]Various sources have repeatedly alleged that he visited other concentration camps, and also the death camps of Auschwitz, Majdanek, Treblinka and Mauthausen, but according to Höpp there is little conclusive documentary evidence to substantiate these other visits.[175] Although some historians have questioned al-Husseini's knowledge of the Holocaust while it was in progress, Wolfgang G. Schwanitz notes that in his memoirs Husseini recalled that Heinrich Himmler, in the summer of 1943, while confiding some German war secrets, inveighed against Jewish "war guilt", and revealed the ongoing extermination (in Arabic, abadna) of the Jews.[176]
Gilbert Achcar, referring to this meeting with Himmler, observes:
The Mufti was well aware that the European Jews were being wiped out; he never claimed the contrary. Nor, unlike some of his present-day admirers, did he play the ignoble, perverse, and stupid game of Holocaust denial... . His amour-propre would not allow him to justify himself to the Jews... .gloating that the Jews had paid a much higher price than the Germans... he cites... : 'Their losses in the Second World War represent more than thirty percent of the total number of their people ...'. Statements like this, from a man who was well placed to know what the Nazis had done ... constitute a powerful argument against Holocaust deniers. Husseini reports that Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler ... told him in summer 1943 that the Germans had ‘already exterminated more than three million’ Jews: "I was astonished by this figure, as I had known nothing about the matter until then." ... Thus. in 1943, Husseini knew about the genocide... .[177]The memoir then continues:-
Himmler asked me on the occasion: 'How do you propose to settle the Jewish question in your country?' I replied: 'All we want from them is that they return to their countries of origin.' He (Himmler) replied: 'We shall never authorize their return to Germany.'[178]Wolfgang G. Schwanitz doubts the sincerity of his surprise since, he argues, Husseini had publicly declared that Muslims should follow the example Germans set for a "definitive solution to the Jewish problem".[179]
Subsequently, the Mufti declared in November 1943:
It is the duty of Muhammadans [Muslims] in general and Arabs in particular to ... drive all Jews from Arab and Muhammadan countries... . Germany is also struggling against the common foe who oppressed Arabs and Muhammadans in their different countries. It has very clearly recognized the Jews for what they are and resolved to find a definitive solution [endgültige Lösung] for the Jewish danger that will eliminate the scourge that Jews represent in the world.[180]At the Nuremberg trials, one of Adolf Eichmann's deputies, Dieter Wisliceny, stated that al-Husseini had actively encouraged the extermination of European Jews, and that he had an elaborate meeting with Eichmann at his office, during which Eichmann gave him an intensive look at the current state of the "Solution of the Jewish Question in Europe" by the Third Reich. The allegation is dismissed by most serious historians.[181] A single affidavit by Rudolf Kastner reported that Wisliceny told him that he had overheard Husseini say he had visited Auschwitz incognito in Eichmann's company.[182] Eichmann denied this at his trial in Jerusalem in 1961. He had been invited to Palestine in 1937 with his superior Hagen by a representative of the Haganah, Feival Polkes,[183] Polkes supported German foreign policy in the Near East and offered to work for them in intelligence. Eichmann and Hagen spent one night in Haifa but were refused a visa to stay any longer.[184] They met Polkes in Cairo instead.[184][185] Eichmann stated that he had only been introduced to al-Husseini during an official reception, along with all other department heads. The Jerusalem court accepted Wisliceny's testimony about a key conversation between Eichmann and the mufti,[186] and found as proven that al-Husseini had aimed to implement the Final Solution.[187] Hannah Arendt, who was present at the trial, concluded in her book, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil, that the evidence for an Eichmann- al-Husseini connection was based on rumour and unfounded.[188][189]
Rafael Medoff concludes that 'actually there is no evidence that the Mufti's presence was a factor at all; the Wisliceny hearsay is not merely uncorroborated, but conflicts with everything else that is known about the origins of the Final Solution.'[190] Bernard Lewis also called Wisliceny's testimony into doubt: 'There is no independent documentary confirmation of Wisliceny's statements, and it seems unlikely that the Nazis needed any such additional encouragement from the outside.'[191] Bettina Stangneth called Wisliceny's claims "colourful stories" that "carry little weight".[192]
Al-Husseini's attempts to block Jewish refugees
The Mufti opposed all immigration of Jews into Palestine. The Mufti’s numerous letters appealing to various governmental authorities to prevent Jewish emigration to Palestine have been widely republished and cited as documentary evidence of his collaboration with Nazis and his participative support for their genocidal actions. For instance, Husseini intervened on 13 May 1943, before the meeting with Himmler when he was informed of the Holocaust,[193] with the German Foreign Office to block possible transfers of Jews from Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania to Palestine, after reports reached him that 4,000 Jewish children accompanied by 500 adults had managed to reach Palestine. He asked that the Foreign Minister "to do his utmost" to block all such proposals and this request was complied with.[194] According to Idith Zertal, none of the documents presented at Eichmann's trial prove that it was the Mufti's interference, in these 'acts of total evil,' that prevented the children's rescue.[195] In June 1943 the Mufti recommended to the Hungarian minister that it would be better to send Jews in Hungary to Concentration Camps in Poland rather than let them find asylum in Palestine. A year later, on 25 July 1944 he wrote to the Hungarian foreign minister to register his objection to the release of certificates for 900 Jewish children and 100 adults for transfer from Hungary, fearing they might end up in Palestine. He suggested that if such transfers of population were deemed necessary, then:I ask your Excellency to permit me to draw your attention to the necessity of preventing the Jews from leaving your country for Palestine, and if there are reasons which make their removal necessary, it would be indispensable and infinitely preferable to send them to other countries where they would find themselves under active control, for example, in Poland, thus avoiding danger and preventing damage."[196][197]
Achcar quotes the Mufti’s memoirs about these efforts to influence the Axis powers to prevent emigration of Eastern European Jews to Palestine:
We combatted this enterprise by writing to Ribbentrop, Himmler, and Hitler, and, thereafter, the governments of Italy, Hungary, Rumania, Bulgaria, Turkey, and other countries. We succeeded in foiling this initiative, a circumstance that led the Jews to make terrible accusations against me, in which they held me accountable for the liquidation of four hundred thousand Jews who were unable to emigrate to Palestine in this period. They added that I should be tried as a war criminal in Nurenberg.[198]In November, 1943 the Mufti said:
It is the duty of Muhammadans in general and Arabs in particular to … drive all Jews from Arab and Muhammadan countries….Germany is also struggling against the common foe who oppressed Arabs and Muhammadans in their different countries. It has very clearly recognized the Jews for what they are and resolved to find a definitive solution [endgültige Lösung] for the Jewish danger that will eliminate the scourge that Jews represent in the world. ….[180]In September 1943, intense negotiations to rescue 500 Jewish children from the Arbe concentration camp collapsed due to the objection of al-Husseini who blocked the children's departure to Turkey because they would end up in Palestine.[199]
Intervention in Palestine and Operation Atlas
The Mufti collaborated with the Germans in numerous sabotage and commando operations in Iraq, Transjordan, and Palestine, and repeatedly urged the Germans to bomb Tel Aviv[200] and Jerusalem 'in order to injure Palestinian Jewry and for propaganda purposes in the Arab world', as his Nazi interlocutors put it. The proposals were rejected as unfeasible.[190] The Italian Fascists envisaged a project to establish him as head of an intelligence centre in North Africa, and he agreed to act as commander of both regular and irregular forces in a future unit flanking Axis troops to carry out sabotage operations behind enemy lines.[201]Operation ATLAS was one such joint operation. A special commando unit of the Waffen SS was created, composed of three members of the Templer religious sect in Palestine, and two Palestinian Arabs recruited from the Mufti's associates, Hasan Salama and Abdul Latif (who had edited the Mufti's Berlin radio addresses).[202] It has been established that the mission, briefed by al-Husseini before departure, aimed at establishing an intelligence-gathering base in Palestine, radioing information back to Germany, and buying support among Arabs in Palestine, recruiting and arming them to foment tensions between Jews and Arabs, disrupting the Mandatory authorities and striking Jewish targets.[203] The plan ended in fiasco: they received a cold reception in Palestine,[204] three of the five infiltrators were quickly rounded up, and the matériel seized. Their air-dropped cargo was found by the British, and consisted of submachine guns, dynamite, radio equipment, 5,000 Pound sterling, a duplicating machine, a German-Arabic dictionary,[205] and a quantity of poison.[202] Michael Bar-Zohar and Eitan Haber, report that the mission included a plan to poison the Tel Aviv water supply,[206] There is no trace of this poison plot in the standard biographies, Palestinian and Israeli, of Husseini.[207]
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