イランへの水の流れがタリバン支配下に・・・

 Rainfall in Iran is highly seasonal with a rainy season between October and March that leaves the land extremely dry for the remainder of the year. Immense seasonal variations in flow characterize Iran's rivers. For example, the Karun River in Khuzestan carries water during periods of maximum flow that is ten times the amount borne in dry periods. In numerous localities, there may be no precipitation until sudden storms, accompanied by heavy rains, dump almost the entire year's rainfall in a few days. Water shortages are compounded by the unequal distribution of water. Near the Caspian Sea, rainfall averages about 1,280 mm per year, but in the Central Plateau and in the lowlands to the south it seldom exceeds 100 mm.^[4] Iran's susceptibility to high variation in temperature and precipitation has led to the creation of dams and reservoirs to regulate and create a more stable water flow throughout the country.^[1]

Climate change

Iran is expected to have a mean temperature increase of 2.6 °C and a 35% decrease in precipitation within the next few decades.^[5] This could potentially exacerbate current drought and crop production issues.

Water availability

Internal renewable water resources are estimated at 128.5 billion cubic meters (BCM)/year (average for 1977–2001).^[6] Surface runoff represents a total of 97.3 BCM/year, of which 5.4 BCM/year comes from drainage of the aquifers and thus needs to be subtracted from the total. Groundwater recharge is estimated at about 49.3 BCM/year, of which 12.7 BCM/year is obtained from infiltration in the river bed and also needs to be subtracted. Iran receives 6.7 BCM/year of surface water from Pakistan and some water from Afghanistan through the Helmand River. The flow of the Arax river, at the border with Azerbaijan, is estimated at 4.6 BCM/year. The surface runoff to the sea and to other countries is estimated at 55.9 BCM/year.^[7][8] Per capita, water availability in the pre-Islamic Revolution era was about 4,500 cubic meters. In 2009, this figure was less than 2,000 cubic meters.^[9]

Water usage

The total water withdrawal was estimated at about 70 BCM in 1993, rising to 93 BCM in 2004,^[10] of which 92% was used for agricultural purposes, 6% for domestic use and 2% for industrial use. Although this is equal to 51% of the actual available renewable water resources, annual abstraction from aquifers (57 BCM in 1993, 53 BCM in 2004) is already more than the estimated safe yield (46 BCM).^[7] Of the 4.3 BCM/year in 1993 (6.2 in 2004) used for domestic purposes, 61% is supplied from surface water and 39% from groundwater.^[11] For example, Greater Tehran with its population of more than 13 million is supplied by surface water from the Lar dam on the Lar River in the Northeast of the city, the Latyan dam on the Jajrood River in the North, the Karaj River in the Northwest, as well as by groundwater in the vicinity of the city. Provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran and Isfahan have the highest efficiency of irrigation with 54, 52 and 42 percents respectively, and Khuzestan province has the lowest irrigation efficiency with 38 percent.^[9] Tap water consumption in the country is 70% over and above the global average.^[12] 16 BCM of water was used for power generation in 1999.^[10]

As of 2014, Iran is using 70% of its total renewable freshwater, far above the upper limit of 40% recommended according to international norms.^[13]

Water pollution

Water pollution is caused by industrial and municipal wastewater, as well as by agriculture. Concerning municipal wastewater, the bulk of collected sewage is discharged untreated and constitutes a major source of groundwater pollution and a risk to public health. In a number of cities without sanitary sewerage, households discharge their sewage through open rainwater drains.^[14]

 

 →Pakistan Prison

 

Kamal Khan Dam (Pashto: کمال خان بند‎) is a hydroelectric and irrigation dam project on the Helmand River in Chahar Burjak District of Nimruz Province in south-western Afghanistan. It is located about 95 km to the southeast of Zaranj. Construction work on the dam officially began in 1974 but after the 1978 Saur Revolution, the Americans involved in the construction were compelled to leave Afghanistan and the project was abandoned.^[1] It was recently completed.^[2][3][4]

The hydroelectric plant produces 9 MW of electric power in addition to providing irrigation to about 175,000 hectares (432,434 acres) of agricultural land.^[2][5] Its reservoir has the capacity to store up to 52 million cubic meters of fresh water.

Kamal Khan Dam is managed by Afghanistan's National Water Affairs Regulation Authority (NWARA), which was formerly the Ministry of Energy and Water.^[6] Work on the 3rd phase of the dam began on 19 April 2017 by President Ashraf Ghani and members of his administration.^[7][8][9] The Iranian government has requested that the Afghan government releases more water toward Iran.^[10][11]

Kamal Khan Dam was inaugurated by President Ashraf Ghani on 24 March 2021.^[12]

 Kabul and Tehran signed an agreement in 1973 that requires Afghanistan to annually release 850 million cubic meters of water to Iran from the nearly 1,300-kilometer-long transboundary Helmand River basin.

 
However, the treaty was neither ratified nor implemented due to decades of political turmoil and war in Afghanistan, leaving the country’s irrigation and hydropower infrastructure in shambles.  
 
The new dam, constructed at an estimated cost of $110 million, is located in the Chahar Borjak district of Nimroz on the Iranian border.
 
The construction of the dam started about five decades ago but the outbreak of the Afghan factional conflict in the mid 1970s and subsequent military invasion of the country by the then Soviet Union halted the project until 2011, when it took off again.  
 
Afghan officials said Wednesday the dam, with a capacity to store 52 million cubic meters water, will irrigate 174,000 hectares of agricultural land and generate about nine megawatts of electricity.
 
Iranian officials are reported to be complaining that Afghanistan’s damming of rivers has reduced water flow to their country.  
 
Afghan officials allege that Iran has developed close ties with the Taliban insurgency to pressure Kabul to stop construction of the dam.  
 
Afghan state television, in a report aired Wednesday, claimed that during the construction period Taliban attacks had “killed and injured” 35 people, including security guards and experts associated with the project.  
 
The insurgent group denies the charges, and Tehran maintains its ties with the Taliban are meant to encourage Afghan warring sides to negotiate a political settlement to the country’s long conflict.  
 
Disputes over water between Iran and Afghanistan date to the 1870s when Afghanistan was under British control, according to a recent report by the Washington-based Atlantic Council’s South Asia Center. It said a British officer drew the Iran-Afghan border along the main branch of the Helmand River.  
 
In 1939, the Iranian government of Reza Shah Pahlavi and Mohammad Zahir Shah’s Afghanistan government signed a treaty on sharing the river’s waters, but the Afghans failed to ratify it, the report noted. 

https://www.voanews.com/south-central-asia/afghan-leader-demands-iranian-oil-exchange-river-water

 2017年8月17日木曜日

世界のポリスマンが引き籠ったら有色人種の国々が水資源をめぐって際限のない殺し合いを始める
http://tokumei10.blogspot.com/2017/08/blog-post_20.html

タリバン対イランってのもあり得るわけで・・・ｗｋｔｋ（爆ｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗ